Microscopic and macroscopic anatomic structure of the central nervous system

Identify the main histologic techniques applied in the study and diagnosis of neurological cases

Identify the neuropathologic lesions in neurological cases

Diagnose of the main neuropathologic processes that lead to neurological clinical cases (VITAMIND)

Neurological localization exercises based on case studies.

Use of conventional x-ray diagnostics, including myelography. Interpretation of images of clinical cases.

Basics and clinical applications from CT using case studies.

Basics and clinical applications from MRI using case studies.

Considerations for anaesthethizing animals with neurological diseases.

Obtaining cisternal and lumbar CSF samples.

Understand the total and differential cell count and associate it with different pathologies. Discussion and indication of further diagnostic tests (proteins, PCR, etc).

Seizures and status epilecticus

- Anatomy and physiology of seizure activity

- Differential diagnosis for seizures

- Anti-seizure medication available for dogs and cats

Management of dogs with refractory epilepsy

Management of dogs with status epilepticus and cluster seizures

Paroxysmal movement disorder seen in dogs

• Explain how to perform a comprehensive cranial nerve assessment
• Explain how to perform a neuro-ophthalmological assessment (including pharmacological evaluationof pupil function)
• Distinguish the different neuro-ophthalmic syndromes, their neurolocalisation and causes
• Outline the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of the different neuro-ophthalmic syndromes
• Identify the pathophysiology and neurolocalisation of the most common disorders of head and face:laryngeal paralysis, masticatory muscle abnormalities, facial paralysis, trigeminal neuropathy,Horner’s syndrome
• Discuss the differential diagnoses, neurodiagnostic investigation, treatment and prognosis of themost common disorders of head and face
• Illustrate how to evaluate the function of the vestibular system and how to distinguish betweencentral and peripheral lesions
• Illustrate how to evaluate the function of the auditory system (including BAEP)
• List the diseases affecting the vestibular system (based on localisation), their diagnostic evaluation,treatment and prognosis
• List the diseases affecting the auditory system, their diagnostic evaluation, treatment and prognosis
• Describe the functional neuroanatomy of the key areas of the cerebellum
• Summarize the clinical signs of cerebellar dysfunction
• List the diseases affecting the cerebellum, their diagnostic evaluation, treatment and prognosis

Head trauma: diagnosis and management

Hydrocephalus: diagnostic and therapeutic measures

Infarcts: diagnosis, causes and treatment options

Intracranial neoplasm: classic neurological symptoms, diagnostics and treatment options

Principles of managing hepatic encephalopathy.

Spinal trauma: diagnosis and management

Clinical evaluation of patients with dysfunction of the PNS

Neuropathies

Myopathies

Diseases of the neuromuscular junction

Nerve and muscle biopsies: indications and technique

Principles of electrodiagnostic evaluation of the neuromuscular system and the mostappropriate technique for the clinical presentation

How to position the patient during electrodiagnostic evaluations

Correct positioning of the electrodes and the use of the computer for electrodiagnosticevaluations

Interpret the results of electrodiagnostic tests (recognising artifacts and incorrect positioning of the electrodes) and how to relate them to disease processes and clinical presentation

Diagnostic workup of non-surgical pathologies of the spinal cord using modern imaging techniques

Diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory/infectious diseases of the nervous system

Degenerative spinal disease: pre-mortem and treatments options

Ischemic myelopathy: clinical appearance, causes and therapeutic measures

Pathophysiology of spinal cord injury

Localisation of lesions and differential diagnoses

Diagnostic investigations for dogs with spinal cord disease

Different types of disc disease

Recognition and management of atlanto-axial instability, cervical spondylomyelopathy and spinal fracture/luxation

Thoraric and lumbar spine:

- Hemilaminectomy

- Mini-hemilaminectomy

- Lumbo-sacral dorsal laminectomy

- Corpectomy

Cervical spine:

- Ventral slot

- Cervical dorsal laminectomy

Functional assessment of the patient and preparation of a treatment plan

Physiotherapy: hydrotherapy, therapeutic massage, passive mobilization, electrotherapy, thermotherapy and laser therapy.

Neurological examination for distinction between neurological and orthopaedic diseases.

Overview of the diagnostic methods in lesions around cauda equina.

Treatment for degenerative lumbosacral stenosis: conservative and surgical therapy.

Rarely occurring differential diagnosis.

Classical and less frequent neurological signs in spinal tumours

Diagnostic options other than advanced imaging

Review of surgical techniques for spinal tumours

Prognostic factors